#51. An Open Letter in Support of Academic Freedom and Ivan Katchanovski (Published)

An Open Letter in Support of Academic Freedom and Ivan Katchanovski (Published)
Published: June 21, 2026
By: The New Paradigm magazine with signatures of 248 people from 36 countries, including 116 scholars

An Open Letter in Support of Academic Freedom and Ivan Katchanovski is published by The New Paradigm magazine. 227 people from 36 countries, including 116 scholars, now signed it.

It can still be signed by sending to openletter2026@gmail.com the name, position/job title, institutional affiliation, country, and if prefer that the name is not published and only institutional affiliation and country are listed.

We, the undersigned, express our support for academic freedom and Dr. Ivan Katchanovski. We might differ on various issues, but agree on the importance of academic freedom and the need to protect it when it comes under attack. Professor Katchanovski is a well-known Ukrainian and Canadian political scientist at the University of Ottawa. A recent collective letter denounced him and his open access book The Russia-Ukraine War and its Origins: From the Maidan to the Ukraine War. The letter baselessly linked this peer-reviewed book published by a major Western academic press to Russian propaganda and the high popularity of the book to behind-the-scenes promotion by Elon Musk.

Dr. Katchanovski’s other recent academic press book titled The Maidan Massacre in Ukraine: The Mass Killing that Changed the World was banned by the Ukrainian State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting led by a far-right OUN leader. Professor Katchanovski was also blacklisted by Myrotvorets hit list for his scholarly studies of the Maidan massacre that were published in peer-reviewed journals and books and for his exposure of a Waffen SS Galicia Division veteran, who was given standing ovations in the Canadian parliament. He also reported that his home and all other property in Ukraine were seized in retaliation to his scholarly studies. Though we might not share all of Dr. Katchanovski’s academic perspectives, we denounce the persecution against him for his scholarly research.

Dr. Katchanovski is one of the most cited political scientists who specialize primarily in the politics and conflicts in Ukraine. His academic publications include 7 books and 3 dozen refereed journal articles and book chapters. He currently teaches at the University of Ottawa. He was a Visiting Scholar at the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard University, Visiting Assistant Professor at the Department of Politics at the State University of New York at Potsdam, a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto, and a Kluge Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Kluge Center at the Library of Congress. He received his Ph.D. from the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University under the direction of Seymour Martin Lipset.

We note that Dr. Katchanovski has condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 from the start, called for a long time for European Union membership of Ukraine, and supported democracy and freedom in Ukraine since before its independence. He is also widely quoted in many outlets around the world, does numerous media and social media interviews, and presents his research at major academic conferences in the field.

Academic freedom in both the West and Ukraine is especially important during times of crisis and conflict, such as the tragic Russia-Ukraine war. Academic freedom has to be protected even for scholarly research that challenges prevailing narratives. This particularly concerns politically charged topics regarding this war and its origins. Scholars and their books and other academic publications should not be subjected to collective denunciations, censorship, sanctions, criminal prosecution, and other such retaliation for their academic research. Scholarly publications need to be judged by academic standards. Scholarly disputes need to be settled in academic venues.

This applies to Dr. Katchanovski, his book The Russia-Ukraine War and its Origins: From the Maidan to the Ukraine War, and his other publications. Our position also applies to other scholars researching this war. We advocate for the defense of academic freedom and its application in the case of Dr. Ivan Katchanovski and his research.

Please send your name, position/job title, institutional affiliation, country, and whether you prefer that your name be published (or just your institutional affiliation and country) to openletter2026@gmail.com.

Signed (in alphabetical order, updated July 25, 2026, total from 227 to 248)

A (20)
Abelow, Benjamin, M.D. Formerly, Lecturer in Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
Acerbo, Maurizio, former member of the Italian Parliament
Agha, Moji, Iranian-American retired psychologist; Human rights activist; Founder, National Peace and Democracy Coalition of Iran (US)
Alper, Muzaffer Ege, Senior Researcher, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
Amar, Tarik Cyril, Associate Professor, Department of History, Koc University, Istanbul
Ames, Mark, Journalist, podcast host, “Radio War Nerd,” New York, USA
Anonymous, Dr., School of Political Science, University of Ottawa, Canada
Anonymous, former senior police officer, Italy
Anonymous, PhD Candidate, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Anonymous, PhD Candidate & Lecturer, York University, Canada
Anonymous, PhD Candidate and Lecturer at the University of Potsdam, Germany
Anonymous, Photographer, freelance, Germany
Anonymous, Retired, Norway
Anonymous, Retired Solicitor, Inverness, Scotland
Anonymous, Student of Economic Sociology, University of Turku, Finland
Anonymous, Teaching Professor, University of Ottawa, Canada
Anonymous, Vocational College BS Wilhelms BURG, Germany
Anonymous, Worker, Slovyansk, Donetsk Region, Ukraine
Aunola, Otso, Political Science student, University of Helsinki, Finland
Azad, Nahid, Dr. retired physician, Professor of Medicine, University of Ottawa

B (20)
Bakić, Jovo, Ph.D., Associate Professor, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Sociology, Serbia
Ball, Karyn, Professor, Department of English and Film Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton
Baumgarten, Helga, Professor emeritus, Birzeit University, Palestine
Baysha, Olga, PhD, Associate Professor in Political Communication, National Research University “Higher School of Economics, “Moscow, Russia
Beauchamp, Jonathan P., Associate Professor, Department of Economics, George Mason University, USA
Belorusets, Yevgenia, writer, artist, Ukraine, Germany
Berekashvili, Bakar, Professor of Political Science and Sociology, Georgian American University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Bergeron, Frédéric, Librarian, Quebec, Canada
Bihr, Alain, Professeur honoraire de sociologie, Université de Franche-Comté
Blackburn, Matthew, Senior Researcher, The Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Norway
Blot, Lionel, copy editor, Éditions Gallimard, France
Bloxham, Donald, Richard Pares Professor of History, University of Edinburgh, UK
Blumenthal, Bud, artist, activist, Brussels, Belgium
Bolotenko, George, PhD in History (U of T, 1979), retired, former an adjunct prof at Ryerson University, a professor at the Scarborough Campus of the University of Toronto, an archivist at Library and Archives Canada
Borozna, Angela, California State University Fullerton
Bouzek, Tomáš, Mgr., military historian, Opava, Czech Republic
Brandist, Craig, Professor of Cultural Theory and Intellectual History, University of Sheffield, UK
Buhre, Isabelle, MSc MA, Political scientist and latinist, The Netherlands
Buls, Zintis, IT support manager, Latvia

C (14)
Cafruny, Alan W., Henry Bristol Professor of International Affairs, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, USA
Carpenter, Cathy, Canada
Castelein, Luc, admin of the Karl Popper page on Facebook, Belgium
Cato, Jasper, retired conservator, previously at the Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Cavallari, Gerard, Ethnomusicologist, UK
Chaufan, Claudia, MD, PhD, Professor, Health Policy, York University, Canada
Chebani, Rhizlaine, Retraitée, Québec, Canada
Cinquini, Nicolas, intelligence analyst, former French intelligence officer in counter-terrorism, Corsica
Clayton, James, Journalist, World Socialist Website
Colley, Philip, Literary executor, The Gareth Jones Society, United Kingdom
Cooke, Sophie, Associate Lecturer, The Open University
Cosma, Valer Simion, Dr., historian, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania
Crews, Robert, Professor of History, Stanford University
Cuccoli, Lorenzo, independent historian, Centre d’études russes, caucasiennes, est-européennes et centrasiatiques (CERCEC, EHESS), France/Italy

D (7)
Dall’Asta, Monica, Full Professor, University of Bologna, Italy
De Leonardis, Fabio, Ass. Prof. of Semiotics, Shanghai International Studies University, PRC/Italy
De Zayas, Alfred, Prof. Dr. Geneva, Switzerland, Geneva School of Diplomacy, former UN Independent Expert on International Order (2012-18), former Secretary of the UN Human Rights Committee, former Chief of the Petitions Department at OHCHR, former President PEN International Centre Suisse romand 2006-09 and again 2013-17
Depoortere, Johan, Journalist, Belgium
Dergunov, Yuriy, Senior lecturer in Sociology, Donetsk
Dionisi, Davide, Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Doherty, Niall, Project Officer, Ireland

E (3)
Eckert, Laura, Artist, USA
Elkhoury, Ann, Dr, Sydney, Australia
Ewald, Engelen, Professor of Financial Geography, University of Amsterdam

F (3)
Federl, Doris, Germany
Forsgren, Mattias, Stockholm, Sweden
Frijters, Paul, Emeritus Visiting Professor, London School of Economics

G (12)
Gamet, Frédéric, copy editor, Paris, France
Garcin, Javier, journalist, Mexico
Garman, Sebastian, Dr., retired Senior Lecturer, Brunel University, London School of Economics and Brunel University, United Kingdom
Geddes, Brian, Ph.D., Physics
Gigantino, Bryan, Lecturer, Georgian-American University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Gjefle, Karsten, International Development Professional, Oslo, Norway
Golinkin, Lev, author and journalist, USA
Golovan, Sergey, Senior Scientist, USA
Gerling, David-Ross, PhD, USA
Grable, Alexander, PhD Candidate, King’s College London, United Kingdom
Grenier, Paul R., President, Simone Weil Center for Political Philosophy
Grinshpun, Yelyzaveta, Germany

H (11)
Haack, Jonathan, Adjunct Faculty, Santa Fe Community College
Hahn, Gordon M., Expert, Corr Analytic
Hagen, Alexander, Founder, ISP, Montara, California
Håkan Julander, actor, poet and podcaster for Dissidentpodden, Sweden
Håkan, Danielsson, retired, Göteborg, Sweden
Hammond, Philip, Emeritus Professor of Media & Communications, London South Bank University, UK
Hanley, Brian, Clinical Asst. Professor, UTRGV School of Medicine, USA
Havryshko, Marta, Dr. Thomas Zand Visiting Assistant Professor in Holocaust Pedagogy and Antisemitism Studies, Clark University, USA
Herman, Daniel, Professor, Central Washington University, USA
Hill, Alexander, Professor in Military History, University of Calgary, Canada
Hough, H.P (Pierre), Chairman, SALM, South Africa

I (5)
Ilkowski, Filip, PhD habil., University of Warsaw
Ingledew, Francis, Professor Emeritus of English and Comparative Literature, Fairleigh Dickinson University, USA/Germany
Ioffe, Grigory, Professor Emeritus, Radford University, Radford, VA, USA
Ishchenko, Volodymyr, Dr., guest researcher, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
Israel, Lena, former associate professor media science, Sweden

J (7)
Janssen, Antoinette, Blogging Pensioner, Norway
Johnová, Radka, PhD, Retired Assistant Professor at Czech Technical University and external lecturer in economics and marketing at Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Johnson, Charles, Worker, Organizing Director for a Peace Organization, Certificate in Unarmed Civilian Protection, Former Educator, United States
Johnson, Mary, private citizen, USA
Jones, Peter, Professor, Faculty of Design, OCAD U, Toronto
Juncker, David, Professor, McGill University, Canada
Jurema, Bernardo, Research Associate, Research Institute for Sustainability at GFZ, Germany

K (11)
Kalb, Don, Professor of social anthropology, University of Bergen, Norway
Kalkanis, Gregory, school teacher, United States of America
Kallio, Timo, PhD (tech.), Helsinki, Finland
Kaplan, Marina E, Emerita Associate Professor, Spanish and Latin American Studies, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA
Karrasch, Ulrich, pensioner, Berlin, Germany
Kien, Tran Manh, Vietnam
Klein, Daniel, Professor Economics, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
Kotsaba, Ruslan, founder and head of the Ukrainian Pacifist Movement, anti-fascist and anti-militarist, prisoner of conscience according to Amnesty International, currently in New York as a political refugee
Kozlovsky, Gregory, Ph.D., Owner, Locust Software GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland
Kragsterman, Johan, retired, Stockholm, Sweden
Kuzmenko, Oleksiy, erstwhile researcher of the Ukrainian Far Right

L (23)
Laakso, Mertz, entrepreneur, Sweden
Lagercrantz, Lova, architect, Sweden
Lagos, Rodrigo, teacher, France
LaMotta, Greg, Retired Federal worker, United States
Lane, David, Fellow Academy of Social Sciences (UK), Emeritus Professor of Sociology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Lashmankin, Aleksandr, graduate student, sociologist, Samara University, Russia
Latva-Nevala, Marko, Key Account Manager, Stockholm, Sweden
Lauterbach-Lang, Anastassia, Dr., Professor of AI and Cybersecurity, Founder AI Edutainment GmbH, an AI Literacy company
Law, Simon, Retired, Australia
Lerchner, Johannes, PhD, Senior scientist, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Lévesque, Jean, Associate Professor of History, Université du Québec à Montréal, QC, Canada
Libby, Jacob Aaron, OTR-CHT
Lieven, Anatol, Dr., Andrew Bacevich Chair in US Diplomatic History. Director, Eurasia Program, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft
Lilja, Christer Carl, retired, Sweden
Lindquist, Björn, retired psychiatrist, Sweden
Lippy, Saskia Hostetler, MD, Portland, Oregon, USA
Lodynski, Andrzej, London, UK
Loewen, Helmut-Harry, Lecturer, Criminology and Sociology (retired), The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
Löfquist, Johan B, journalist/photographer, Oslo, Norway
Lorenzo, Stefano Di, Journalist, East And West, EU
Lorincz, Tamara, PhD, Balsillie School of International Affairs, Wilfrid Laurier University
Lottaz, Pascal, PhD. Associate Professor, Kyoto University, Japan
Lucas, Jeffrey, Retired, UK

M (19)
Malmsten, Hasse, Sweden
Mandel, David, Retired professor, Department of Political Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
Marcetic, Branko, staff writer at Jacobin magazine, USA
Markwick, Roger, Dr. Honorary Professor of Modern European History, the University of Newcastle, Australia
McCormack, Tara, Dr., Lecturer in International Politics, University of Leicester, UK
McCracken, Ian, Retired, Norway
McFarlane, Peter, Writer, former Chair of the Writers’ Union of Canada, Canada
Mécontent, Gueux, Secretary of the 3R association, Strasbourg, Alsace
Meder, Sigyn, teacher, Sweden
Mercouris, Alexander, YouTube Commentator, The Duran, United Kingdom
Minghelli, Giuliana, former Associate Professor in Italian Studies at McGill University and Harvard University (US)
Mkrtchian, Alexander, Research associate, Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Germany/ Ukraine
Modlich, Hans, M.Eng, Toronto
Mølster, Magne, Theologian / pastor, Estonian Lutheran-Evangelical church, Estonia/Norway
Monte, Francesca, Retired business owner and investor, USA
Moscicki, Pawel, Professor, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Muggler, Reto Andreas, Self-employed, Switzerland
Munley, Frank, Associate Professor (retired), Roanoke College, United States
Mutt, Maria, retired, Sweden

N (3)
Ng, Ryan, graduating student & Chick Fil A worker, College of Staten Island, USA
Nikitin, Vadim, Contributing writer to the London Review of Books and the Nation, United Kingdom
Nirody, Suresh, President, Naught Foundation, U.S.A.

O (3)
ÓhAiseadha, Coilín, Senior Medical Officer, Health Service Executive, Ireland
Öhlin, Mats, Retired Director of Education, Sweden
Olofsson, Erika, Librarian, Sweden

P (15)
Paikin, Zachary, PhD (University of Kent), Senior Fellow, Institute for Peace & Diplomacy, Canada
Pearce, James, Dr, history and languages lecturer, City College Peterborough, UK
Peck, Michael, PhD, Retired, Sydney, Australia
Petersen, Henrik, writer and translator, Stockholm, Sweden
Pettersson, Ulf, economist, Stockholm, Sweden
Petrov, Alexey, Hanover, Germany
Pfefferkorn, Roland, Professeur émérite de sociologie, Université de Strasbourg
Pflugbeil, Sebastian, Dr.rer.nat,Dipl.Phys., retired, cofounder of the NEUES FORUM, Minister after 1989, former Member of the Berlin House of Representatives, founder of “Children of Chernobyl”, former President/board of the German Society for Radiation Protection, Germany
Picker, Jean-luc, MD, FRCS (Ed), Retired director of International Centre for Therapeutic Research, France
Pochapsky, Jason, artist and craftsman
Poenaru, Florin, lecturer in sociology, University of Bucharest, Romania
Popova, Ruja, Historian, Assistant Professor, PhD, Institute of Balkan Studies with Centre of Thracology at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria, Sofia
Proskurnyak, Olga, Postgraduate student of political science, University of Sydney, Australia
Prudnikov, Vladimir, PhD Student, Department of History, Princeton University, USA (citizen of Latvia)

Q (1)
Quinn, Kevin J, BA, Owen Sound, Ontario

R (13)
Ragozin, Leonid, freelance journalist, Latvia/Russia
Raviot, Jean-Robert, Professor of Russian and Post-Soviet Studies, Université Paris Nanterre, France
Read, Christopher, Emeritus Professor of History, University of Warwick
Richards, Alan, Professor Emeritus, Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
Roberts, Geoffrey Member of the Royal Irish Academy. Emeritus Professor of History, University College Cork
Robinson, Piers, Dr, Co-director, Organisation for Propaganda Studies, Research Director, International Center for 9/11 Justice, Germany
Rodin, Andrei, associated researcher, Paris-Cité university
Rosenzweig, Mark Charles, Easton PA , USA, Former director of Reference Center for Marxist Studies, NYC
Roos, Carl-Erik, Retired, Sweden
Ross, Eric, PhD, MBA, Retired, USA
Rotlid, Steinar, Norway
Ruiz, Daniel, PHD, Researcher, UNED, Spain
Runo, Fredrik, Svetsare, Sverige

S (29)
Sakwa, Richard, Professor Emeritus of Politics, University of Kent, England
Sand, Bo, Retired nurse, Denmark
Sanduja, Utsav, Founder and Chairman, Hindus for America First, USA
Sanzo, Luis, Former Head of Statistics in Employment and Social Needs, Basque Government, now retired, Spain
Sapir, Jacques, Professor of Economics (retired) at EHESS-Paris, Professor at School of Economic Warfare – Paris
Sazib, Zahidul Islam, Freelance Translator and Photographer, Bangladesh
Schoendorff, Benjamin, Clinical Psychologist, Liberpsy, Montreal
Sedefian, Zachary, graduate student, Department of Political Science, Brooklyn College, USA
Senyk, Sophia, Historian, Professor Emeritus, Pontifical Oriental Institute, Rome
Seymour, Michel, professeur honoraire, Université de Montréal
Shakarian, Pietro A. Dr., Lecturer in History, American University of Armenia, Yerevan
Shannon, Paul, Executive Committee of Massachusetts Peace Action, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Simons, Greg, Professor, Department of Journalism, Media & Communication, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Sjölund, Per Olof, history graduate from Lund and Malmö university, Sweden
Skaperdas, Stergios, Professor of Economics, University of California, Irvine, USA
Skogholt, Karl, fisherman, Norway
Slanař, Zbyněk, Businessman-Director/amateur researcher, Pardubice, Czech Republic
Sloper, Miko, retired teacher, Leipzig international school, USA/Thailand
Smirnov, George, Professor of Physics, Retired, Switzerland
Smouter, Youri, journalist/host of 1+1 on Youtube
Söderström, Henry, economist and translator, Stockholm
Solar, Marc, MSc. Physics, Teacher in Bern and CEO Serenity Audio
Solomon, Jon, Professeur des universités, Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3 et Université Paris Nanterre, France
Soshnikov, Alexander, Professor of Mathematics, University of California at Davis, USA
Spinoso, Salvatore Fabrizio, Professore, Docente di Conservatorio, Italia
Spriewald, Götz, former photo lab technician and media designer, Germany
Stranne, Frida, Associated Professor Peace- and development Studies, Senior Lecturer Political Science, Sweden
Surovell, Jeffrey, Adjunct Professor, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, NY, USA
Szamuely, George, PhD, Author, broadcaster and podcast host

T (8)
Taras, Raymond, Professor Emeritus, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
Tasić, Vladimir, Professor, University of New Brunswick, Canada
Terekhov, Ievgen, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Ukraine
Thelin, Ace, historian, journalist, California, USA
Tikhonov, Vladimir (Pak Noja), professor, Oslo University, Norway
Tokarczuk, Wiesław, Master of Science in Forestry, retired, Poland
Trégouët, Gildas, retraité, Montréal, Canada
Turner, Hugo, independent historian, USA

U (1)
Utter, Paul, entrepreneur, Spain/Sweden

V (10)
Van de Beek, Eric, investigative journalist, Media Pro – Pro Media, The Netherlands
Van de Water, Rob, Former Special Adviser to the Group of Progressives and Democrats in the European Parliament, Germany
Van der Kelen, Thomas, Translator, Antwerp, Belgium
Van der Pijl, Kees (Prof Dr), retired from University of Sussex, UK, the Netherlands
Vidojević, Jelena, Research Fellow, New South Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
Vielmini, Fabrizio, MA, Analyst – Russia & Eurasia V&GT – International Institute for Global Analyses, translator of the Italian version of the Maidan Massacre book
Villaseñor, Dario, Mexico City, Mexico
Vollan, Tore, Cinematographer, Norway
Voronin, Anatoly, multilingual blogger, Ukraine
Vuorinen, Esa, Professor Emeritus, Dept of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå Univ. of Technology, Sweden

W (6)
Wahlby, Mercédès, Senior physician, in internal medicine and geriatrics, Sweden
Webster, John, Retired, UK
Weskamp, Axel, retired teacher, Germany
Williams, Rob Lyons, former member Province of Saskatchewan Legislature
Winzer, Beate, Dipl. Pol., free Researcher, Berlin
Wünschmann, Doris, Academic Student – master of governance, Fern Universität, Hagen, Germany

Y (2)
Yoshida, Hiroshi, Associate Professor of Okayama University, Japan
Youril, John, Artist, USA

Z (2)
Zaeh, Rudi, retired, Germany
Zaslavskii, Oleg, Senior Scientific Fellow, V N. Karazin Kharkiv University, Ukraine

The open letter can still be signed by sending to openletter2026@gmail.com the name, position/job title, institutional affiliation, country, and if prefer that the name is not published and only institutional affiliation and country are listed.

#46. Jeffrey Sachs: An Open Letter to Chancellor Friedrich Merz

Economist and diplomat Jeffrey Sachs is calling on German Chancellor Merz to begin immediate talks with Russian President Vladimir Putin about peace in Europe.
https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/article/jeffrey-sachs-an-open-letter-to-chancellor-friedrich-merz-10038768
Published: May 27, 2026
In: Berliner Zeitung
By: Jeffrey D. Sachs

Chancellor Merz,

When I wrote an open letter to you a half year ago, I urged Germany to pursue diplomacy with Russia rather than the normalization of war. Six months later, the situation in Europe is dramatically worse. Europe and Russia are slipping into open war. And in that drift, Chancellor, your responsibility is singular. No European leader — not in Paris, not in Warsaw, not in Rome — holds the position that Germany holds, or has the power that you personally hold, to interrupt this catastrophe. Will you try for peace?

You yourself, with Prime Minister Meloni and President Macron, called in January 2026 for Europe to restart relations with Russia and described Russia as „a European country.“ Yet you did not pursue diplomacy. With the future of Europe at stake, this is an extraordinary abdication of leadership. Have you, in your months as Chancellor, attempted one substantive dialogue with President Putin? Has your foreign minister attempted one substantive dialogue with Foreign Minister Lavrov? Real conversations, the kind that ended the Cold War. The answer, as far as the public record reveals, is no. Not once. And not for want of recognizing the urgency.

The past days have brought a dangerous acceleration that should focus every European mind. Both capitals are now under sustained attack: Ukrainian long-range drones have struck deep into Moscow, including civilian sites; Russian missile and drone strikes against Kyiv have greatly intensified. Ukrainian drones have crossed into the airspace of the Baltic states, raising the immediate prospect of an incident that could pull Europe directly into the war. A horrific Ukrainian strike on a boys’ school in Lugansk has further eroded what little remains of restraint. And on May 25, Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, acting on instructions from President Putin, formally notified the United States Secretary of State that the Russian Armed Forces are now launching „systematic and sustained strikes“ on facilities and decision-making centers in Kyiv, and the Russian Foreign Ministry has advised that the United States and other countries „ensure the evacuation of their diplomatic personnel and other citizens from the capital of Ukraine.“ That message is the prologue to a major escalation. Diplomacy is more urgent than ever.

The way to defend Ukraine is not continued slaughter, but peace on terms that are agreeable to all parties. Instead, we face escalation, with more deaths, more destruction, and the real prospect of a war that expands beyond Ukraine. By calling for ever more weapons, ever greater war-fighting capacity, and ever louder demonstrations of „resolve,“ and by signaling that Germany is preparing for war rather than working to end it, you have allowed Berlin to become an accelerant rather than a brake to a European-wide war.

Germany’s Responsibility: Six Particulars

Germany bears profound responsibility for the situation it now confronts. Before German policy can be reset toward peace, Germany’s record must be confronted honestly. I set out below six serious failures of German foreign policy vis-à-vis Russia since German reunification in 1990.

First — the 2+4 Treaty and NATO’s eastward expansion. On 12 September 1990, in Moscow, Germany signed the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany — the „2+4 Treaty“ — that completed German reunification. That treaty was secured because Mikhail Gorbachev was given solemn assurances, by Hans-Dietrich Genscher, by Helmut Kohl, by James Baker, and by other Western leaders, that NATO would not move eastward. The declassified record — including the now-public memoranda assembled by the National Security Archive of George Washington University — is unambiguous: those assurances were given and were clearly meant at the time to apply beyond the territory of the former GDR to Eastern Europe. These assurances were reaffirmed through 1990 and 1991.

The 2+4 Treaty restricts the placement of NATO troops in the former GDR, and recalls the principles of the Helsinki Final Act, which emphasizes that no nation’s security should come at the expense of another’s. Does any serious person believe that the Soviet Union cared about Western troops on the territory of the former GDR but was indifferent to NATO armies in Warsaw, Vilnius, or Kyiv? Of course not.

The matter of NATO enlargement was discussed in detail and explicit assurances of non-enlargement to the East were given by Germany to the Soviet leaders — and then were broken. Germany was the principal beneficiary of those assurances, which were the quid pro quo for Germany’s reunification. Yet as early as 1993, German leaders began to promote the violation of those assurances.

Second — Chancellor Merkel’s own testimony. In her memoirs, Angela Merkel writes with striking candor that she understood at the time of the 2008 Bucharest Summit that inviting Ukraine and Georgia into NATO would be tantamount to a declaration of war on Russia. She knew Russia’s red line. And yet she gave in to American pressure, accepting the compromise communiqué that Ukraine and Georgia „will become“ NATO members. That single sentence set in motion the catastrophes of 2014 and 2022. Merkel’s later candor is a gift to her successors: she has told you, plainly and in her own words, what was understood at the time. Germany should not now pretend otherwise.

Third — the betrayal of the February 21, 2014 agreement. On 21 February 2014, in Kyiv, Germany’s then–Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier, together with his Polish and French counterparts, brokered an agreement between President Yanukovych and the opposition. The agreement provided for a return to the 2004 constitution, the formation of a national-unity government, and early presidential elections. President Putin was consulted; the agreement was confirmed. It was a serious diplomatic achievement under conditions of intense violence. Yet within twenty-four hours Yanukovych was forcibly overthrown by a violent coup. Germany did not insist on the agreement it had just guaranteed. Instead, following the U.S. lead, Germany backed the new government, as if there had been no agreement in place. That decision persuaded Moscow that Western signatures could not be trusted.

Fourth — Minsk II. In February 2015, Chancellor Merkel personally negotiated Minsk II in the Normandy Format and pledged Germany’s political backing through the Declaration of Support adopted in Minsk on 12 February 2015. For seven years, the key political provision — autonomy for the Donbas regions within a sovereign Ukraine — was never implemented by Kyiv. Germany did not press Kyiv to implement the autonomy provision it had championed — and Merkel later acknowledged that the agreement had been used as a holding action to allow Ukraine to rearm. President Hollande said the same. The guarantee, in other words, was not a guarantee at all. It was a stratagem — once again at Washington’s behest. Once again, the message to Moscow was that Western signatures cannot be trusted.

Fifth — Nord Stream. On 7 February 2022, in the East Room of the White House, President Biden announced — with then-Chancellor Olaf Scholz standing beside him — that „if Russia invades… then there will be no longer a Nord Stream 2. We will bring an end to it.“ Asked how, he replied, „I promise you, we will be able to do that.“ The pipelines were destroyed seven months later in an act of sabotage in the Baltic Sea. The available evidence — investigative reporting in the United States and Germany, the trail followed by the German federal prosecutor, and the public statements of former officials — points overwhelmingly to a joint Ukrainian-American operation. The German government has long known this. And yet Germany has permitted the public blame to fall on Russia, against the direct evidence, while an act of industrial sabotage against the German economy has gone unprosecuted and unanswered.

Sixth — the April 2022 Istanbul agreement that was within reach. Just weeks after Russia’s invasion in February 2022, Russian and Ukrainian negotiators converged in Istanbul on the terms of a peace agreement: Ukrainian neutrality outside NATO, multilateral security guarantees, agreed troop limits, and the political resolution of the Donbas and Crimea questions over time. The agreement was within days of signature. Former Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett, one of the mediators, has confirmed publicly that the deal was close and that the West — the United States and the United Kingdom in particular — moved to block it. Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s mission to Kyiv in April 2022 to instruct Ukraine not to sign is a matter of public record. Hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian and Russian lives, and the wider European order, have paid the price for that US–UK intervention. Germany has not raised its voice on this — even though Germany, more than any other European state has borne the economic consequences.

The Second Catastrophe: Germany’s Economic Self-Destruction

Your first concern must be peace. Yesterday’s message from Moscow tells us how late the hour is. But there is a second catastrophe unfolding alongside the first: the willful destruction of the German economy, with Berlin as both author and victim.

Germany’s industrial economy was built on trade with Russia. The destruction of Nord Stream and the subsequent severance of Germany’s trade relations with Russia have left Germany buying natural gas from the United States at prices several times higher than the Russian pipeline gas it replaced. This is industrial suicide. Germany’s chemical sector, its steel sector, its glass industry, its energy-intensive manufacturers — the very foundations of the Mittelstand — are losing international competitiveness day by day. Skilled jobs are draining out of the German economy. And the German taxpayer and the German consumer are making a transfer of national wealth from Germany to American gas producers at a scale unprecedented in postwar Europe.

On top of this, the German government is now pledging an enormous defence build-up — hundreds of billions of euros over the coming decade — to arm for a war that diplomacy can easily prevent. This is a profound misallocation of national resources. The fundamental challenge facing Germany in this decade is competitiveness in the digital age. Every euro spent on tanks, missiles, and artillery shells is a euro not spent on Germany’s AI capacity, its chip-design and chip-fabrication capability, its energy infrastructure, and the high-speed digital networks that Germany needs to remain a top global economy.

The hard reality, Mr. Chancellor, is that there is no security to be bought with these arms that diplomacy cannot buy at a tiny fraction of the cost, and there is no prosperity to be had without the digital and energy investments that this arms buildup will crowd out.

My Appeal

Chancellor Merz, more than any other European leader, the question of whether Europe descends into general war, or returns to negotiation, and to economic sanity, rests with you. The hour is very late. Yesterday’s formal message from Moscow to Washington says so explicitly. Please open a dialogue with President Putin. Please send your foreign minister to Moscow or invite Russia’s Foreign Minister to Berlin. Please reopen the OSCE channels that Germany has allowed to atrophy.  Please tell Kyiv to cease its strikes on civilian targets.

Most importantly, please tell the German public the truth: that a negotiated peace based on Ukrainian neutrality is the realistic path out of catastrophe, and that restoring a normal economic relationship with Russia is the realistic path out of Germany’s industrial decline.

The terms of an acceptable agreement that Germany could propose are clear. The fighting would stop on an armistice line. All sides would renounce any future resort to violence on the question of borders. Ukraine would restore its neutrality, and NATO would permanently renounce further eastward enlargement.

Europe and Russia would restore economic relations and would stop the warmongering. The OSCE would once again become the central forum for European security, with the fundamental precept that European security is indivisible, not based on military blocs dividing Europe. Alongside this peace, Germany would redirect its national resources toward the digital, AI, semiconductor, and energy investments that Germany’s economic future demands.

History will record what you do in the weeks ahead, and what you fail to do. So will the German public. So will the peoples of Russia, Ukraine, and Europe generally. It’s time for diplomacy, Mr. Chancellor. The choice is yours to make.

Respectfully,

Jeffrey D. Sachs

University Professor of Columbia University 

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